including
/ɪnˈkluːdɪŋ/preposition
उच्चारण इन्क्लूडिंग
सहित, समेत, शामिल करके
Core word
- 1
having something as part of a group or total; containing something as part of something else
सहित, समेत, शामिल करके
- Ten people, including two children, were injured in the accident.
- The price is ₹500, including tax.
- Everyone attended the meeting, including Radhika.
+ 4 more examples
- All the students, including the monitor, were present.
- The package costs ₹2,000, including delivery.
- Several cities, including Jaipur and Udaipur, are popular with tourists.
- Everyone passed the test, not including Arjun, who was absent.
Synonyms inclusive of counting together with
§Structures (grammar patterns) 5
including + noun
Including is a preposition meaning 'with the addition of': ten people, including two children.
Including preposition है जिसका अर्थ है 'को जोड़कर': ten people, including two children।
- The fee, including tax, is five hundred rupees.
- All the players, including the captain, were fined.
including + -ing
It can be followed by a gerund when listing actions: many hobbies, including reading and cycling.
कार्यों की सूची में इसके बाद gerund आ सकता है: many hobbies, including reading and cycling।
- She enjoys sports, including swimming and running.
including vs include / included
Including comes before the added item; included comes after it: tax included; the price, tax included.
Including जोड़े गए अंश से पहले आता है; included बाद में: tax included।
- The price is five hundred rupees, tax included.
not including / up to and including
'Not including' removes something; 'up to and including' adds the final limit: up to and including Friday.
'Not including' किसी को बाहर रखता है; 'up to and including' अंतिम सीमा जोड़ता है: up to and including Friday।
- The sale runs up to and including Sunday.
including as a participle phrase (commas)
Set the phrase off with a comma when it adds extra information: The tickets, including taxes, cost two thousand.
जब phrase अतिरिक्त जानकारी जोड़े तो उसे comma से अलग करें: The tickets, including taxes, cost two thousand।
- The syllabus, including poetry, is on the website.
+Collocations 5
including + noun phrase
childrentaxmyselfthe teacherweekends
- Everyone was present, including the principal.
many/several + noun + including
several cities includingmany countries includingten people includingthree exams including
- Several cities, including Pune, closed their schools.
not / up to + including
not includingup to and includingand includingright up to and including
- The offer is open up to and including 31 March.
including + particularly
including especiallyincluding notablyincluding in particularincluding even
- Many animals, including especially birds, migrate.
including + time words
including Sundaysincluding holidaysincluding todayincluding this week
- The library is open every day, including holidays.
“More examples 6
- Twenty students, including Radhika, passed the scholarship test.
राधिका सहित बीस विद्यार्थियों ने छात्रवृत्ति परीक्षा पास की।
- The shop sells many things, including books, pens and bags.
दुकान पर किताबें, पेन और बैग सहित कई चीज़ें बिकती हैं।
- The cost of the trip, including food, is two thousand rupees.
भोजन सहित यात्रा का खर्च दो हज़ार रुपये है।
- All the passengers, including the children, were checked.
बच्चों सहित सभी यात्रियों की जाँच हुई।
- She speaks several languages, including Hindi, Tamil and English.
वह हिंदी, तमिल और अंग्रेज़ी सहित कई भाषाएँ बोलती है।
- Everything on the menu, including desserts, was prepared in the school kitchen.
मेन्यू की हर चीज़, मिठाइयों सहित, विद्यालय की रसोई में बनी थी।
≠Thesaurus: which synonym when
These words show an item as part of a larger group, in different positions.
ये शब्द किसी चीज़ को बड़े समूह के भाग के रूप में दिखाते हैं, पर अलग स्थानों पर आते हैं।
Introduces an item that is part of the group, before the item.
समूह के भाग के रूप में किसी वस्तु का परिचय देता है, वस्तु से पहले।
- Ten people, including Radhika, came.
included
Placed after the noun: tax included.
Noun के बाद आता है: tax included।
- Prices include tax, service included.
such as
Gives examples, not necessarily part of a count.
उदाहरण देता है, गिनती का हिस्सा होना ज़रूरी नहीं।
- Fruits such as mango are sold here.
≈Synonyms and antonyms
§Grammar and usage
Usage: including introduces only some members of a group, so it is wrong to add 'etc.' at the end of the same list.
Usage में including किसी समूह के केवल कुछ सदस्यों को बताता है, इसलिए उसी सूची के अंत में 'etc.' जोड़ना गलत है।